English is the term used for applying spin to a pool ball, specifically, although it is often used in other games to refer to similar results.
You put spin on a cue ball to make it go in other than straight lines, or to do other than simple physical interactions.
Hit the cue ball low, it will spin backwards, making it either stop when it strikes the object ball, or actually roll back towards you afterwards.
Hit it high, and it will spin forward, increasing its 'normal' velocity after striking the object ball.
Hit it to the right or left of center, and you can influence the direction of a rebound, especially off of one of the bumpers.
Combine two of the above, and you can actually curve the trajectory of the ball prior to striking the object ball. This is especially handy for going around other balls that are in the way.
A mind-numbingly wide variety of effects can be accomplished with the practiced and skilled use of English.
Find a billiards table and watch some pros, or visit your local pub for more visceral examples.
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